When damage to the bone and infection become severe, surgery can eliminate deep pockets by reshaping gum and bone around the teeth. Prior to that, however, there are more conservative, nonsurgical measures that can be taken:
Scaling – hardened food is removed under a local anesthetic from below the gum line; ultrasonic instruments may be used
Planing – the root surfaces are smoothed, removing areas of irritation; this allows the gums to tighten and regenerate around the teeth